Worldwide diversity of the Y-chromosome tetra-local microsatellite DYS464.

Of all DNA markers on the human Y-chromosome, the tetra-local Y-linked microsatellite DYS464 is the most polymorphic. We genotyped DYS464 in 677 male samples collected worldwide, maintained in the HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel. Fourteen different alleles were found, with allele lengths varying from 9 to 23 repeats. One hundred and seventy-five different genotypes were detected, of which 90 appeared to be continent-specific. The region with the highest percentage of unique genotypes was Africa. Genotype diversity was 0.98 for Europe, 0.97 for Central and East Asia, 0.95 for Africa, 0.94 for Oceania, 0.92 for the Middle East, and 0.90 for the Americas. A hierarchical analysis of molecular variance showed low levels of worldwide genetic structure; 88.42% of the genetic variance was found within populations, 9.62% between populations within regions and 1.96% between regions. Since the four DYS464 repeats are identical, one cannot assign each peak in the electropherogram to a specific locus. Thus, the same genotype may correspond to several haplotypes, with different permutations of alleles. Consequently, genotypes are degenerate, which limits phylogeographical analyses. Yet, because of its high variability, DYS464 still constitutes an informative tool for population and evolutionary studies.